{"id":2221,"date":"2020-01-14T12:54:18","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T12:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/?page_id=2221"},"modified":"2025-12-19T11:17:27","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T10:17:27","slug":"hlavni-symptomy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/co-je-to-schizofrenie\/hlavni-symptomy\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159\u00edznaky"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-inpage-nav-rea-inpage-nav-block rea-inpage-nav-block front has-margin\"><div class=\"rea-inpage-nav-block__image\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/wooden.png)\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"inpage-nav-background\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/wooden.png\"><\/div><div class=\"rea-inpage-nav-block__content\"><div class=\"rea-inpage-nav-block__content--wrapper\"><div class=\"text-wrapper\"><h2 class=\"inpage-nav-title\">P\u0159\u00edznaky<\/h2><ul class=\"inpage-nav-list\"><li>Velmi dlouho se na schizofrenii pohl\u00ed\u017eelo jako na &#8222;poruchu s bludy&#8220;: nyn\u00ed je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee jde o postupn\u011b se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edznaky v n\u011bkolika dimenz\u00edch.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"section-nav\"><h4 class=\"section-nav--title\">V t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti<\/h4><div class=\"section-nav--nav-items js-inpage-nav-items\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-paragraph-rea-paragraph-block rea-paragraph-block front\"><div class=\"rea-paragraph-block__content\"><p class=\"content-text\">U lid\u00ed se schizofreni\u00ed se mohou objevovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky, kter\u00e9 u nich mohou naru\u0161ovat kvalitu \u017eivota.<sup>1<\/sup> <br>Tyto p\u0159\u00edznaky obvkyle za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed v mlad\u00e9m v\u011bku, mezi 16. a 30. rokem.<sup>2<\/sup><br>L\u00e9ka\u0159 mus\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky vy\u0161et\u0159it, aby mohl stanovit diagn\u00f3zu. Dnes existuj\u00ed spolehliv\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje pro diagn\u00f3zu schizofrenie i \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti l\u00e9\u010dby, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eou zm\u00edrnit p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky s minimem vedlej\u0161\u00edch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f.<sup>3<\/sup><br>  <br>Podle l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f lze p\u0159\u00edznaky schizofrenie rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch kategori\u00ed n\u00ed\u017ee:<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-list-rea-list-block rea-list-block front\"><div class=\"rea-list-block__wrapper\"><div class=\"list-unordered list\"><p> <strong>Pozitivn\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p> <strong>Negativn\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><p> <strong>Kognitivn\u00ed<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-title-rea-title-block rea-title-block front\"><div class=\"rea-title-block__content\"><h3 id=\"-strongco-to-jsou-pozitivn-symptomy-schizofreniestrong\" class=\"content-title \"> <strong>Co to jsou pozitivn\u00ed symptomy schizofrenie?<\/strong><\/h3><h4 class=\"content-subtitle rea-hidden\"><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-paragraph-rea-paragraph-block rea-paragraph-block front\"><div class=\"rea-paragraph-block__content\"><p class=\"content-text\">Lid\u00e9 se schizofreni\u00ed maj\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed symptomy, kdy\u017e vykazuj\u00ed neobvykl\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed a c\u00edt\u00ed, \u017ee ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed kontakt s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi aspekty skute\u010dnosti.<sup>2<\/sup> U v\u011bt\u0161iny lid\u00ed se schizofreni\u00ed se tyto p\u0159\u00edznaky objevuj\u00ed a zase odch\u00e1zej\u00ed, ale mohou i p\u0159etrv\u00e1vat dlouhodob\u011b.<sup>2<\/sup> \u010casto tak\u00e9 tyto p\u0159\u00edznaky z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nerozpozn\u00e1ny.<sup>2<\/sup> Mohou zahrnovat:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-list-rea-list-block rea-list-block front\"><div class=\"rea-list-block__wrapper\"><div class=\"list-unordered list\"><p><em>Halucinace<\/em>:  lid\u00e9 mohou vid\u011bt, sly\u0161et, c\u00edtit v\u016fni, chu\u0165 nebo dotek v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 neexistuj\u00ed. \u010casto jedinec sly\u0161\u00ed hlasy a m\u016f\u017ee trvat velmi dlouho, ne\u017e si rodina nebo p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 v\u0161imnou, \u017ee se d\u011bje n\u011bco neobvykl\u00e9ho.<sup>2<\/sup> <\/p><p><em>Bludy<\/em>:   lid\u00e9 mohou v\u011b\u0159it v\u011bcem, kter\u00e9 nejsou skute\u010dn\u00e9, mohou v\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee jsou v nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, nebo \u017ee si o nich lid\u00e9 v okol\u00ed pov\u00eddaj\u00ed, i kdy\u017e to nen\u00ed pravda.<sup> 2<\/sup> <\/p><p><em>Zmaten\u00ed my\u0161lenek<\/em>:   zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm mysl\u00ed, se m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t nelogick\u00fd a mohou m\u00edt obt\u00ed\u017ee ut\u0159\u00eddit si sv\u00e9 my\u0161lenky. Nen\u00ed vz\u00e1cnost\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159estanou mluvit uprost\u0159ed v\u011bty.<sup> 2<\/sup> <\/p><p><em>Pohybov\u00e9 poruchy<\/em>: mohou se projevovat jako abnorm\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo opakovan\u00e9 t\u011blesn\u00e9 pohyby nebo vz\u00e1cn\u011b jako zastaven\u00ed v\u0161ech pohyb\u016f na ur\u010ditou dobu (katatonie).<sup> 2<\/sup> <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-separator-rea-separator-block rea-separator-block front\"><div class=\"rea-separator-block__content\"><hr class=\"rea-separator-block__separator\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-title-rea-title-block rea-title-block front\"><div class=\"rea-title-block__content\"><h3 id=\"strongco-jsou-to-negativn-symptomy-schizofreniestrong\" class=\"content-title \"><strong>Co jsou to negativn\u00ed symptomy schizofrenie?<\/strong><\/h3><h4 class=\"content-subtitle rea-hidden\"><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-paragraph-rea-paragraph-block rea-paragraph-block front\"><div class=\"rea-paragraph-block__content\"><p class=\"content-text\"><strong>Negativn\u00ed <\/strong>symptomy se u lid\u00ed se schizofreni\u00ed projevuj\u00ed jako soci\u00e1ln\u00ed vy\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 projevov\u00e1n\u00ed emoc\u00ed.<sup>2<\/sup> Tyto symptomy jsou obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji rozpoznateln\u00e9 ne\u017e pozitivn\u00ed symptomy a mohou b\u00fdt zam\u011bn\u011bny za depresi nebo jin\u00e9 stavy.<sup>2<\/sup> P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-list-rea-list-block rea-list-block front\"><div class=\"rea-list-block__wrapper\"><div class=\"list-unordered list\"><p>Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 projevy emoc\u00ed a vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, monot\u00f3nn\u00ed mluva (<em>otupen\u00fd afekt<\/em>)<sup>2,4<\/sup><\/p><p>Omezen\u00ed \u0159e\u010di, i kdy\u017e je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci n\u011bco d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho (<em>alogie<\/em>)<sup> 2,4<\/sup> <\/p><p>Pot\u00ed\u017ee pro\u017e\u00edvat pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed (<em>anhedonie<\/em>)<sup>2,4<\/sup> <\/p><p>Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed sta\u017een\u00ed, ignorov\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed (<em>asocialita<\/em>)<sup> 2,4<\/sup> <\/p><p>Nedostatek motivace, \u00fa\u010delnosti nebo schopnosti dodr\u017eet pl\u00e1n (<em>avolice, apatie<\/em>)<sup> 2,4<\/sup> <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-paragraph-rea-paragraph-block rea-paragraph-block front\"><div class=\"rea-paragraph-block__content\"><p class=\"content-text\">Pokud je u \u010dlov\u011bka diagnostikov\u00e1na schizofrenie p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b negativn\u00edch symptom\u016f, l\u00e9ka\u0159 u n\u011bj vy\u0161et\u0159\u00ed, zda jsou <strong>prim\u00e1rn\u00ed <\/strong>nebo <strong>sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed<\/strong>.<sup>5 <\/sup>  Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed negativn\u00ed symptomy jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky schizofrenie, zat\u00edmco sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed negativn\u00ed symptomy jsou d\u016fsledkem pozitivn\u00edch symptom\u016f.<sup>5<\/sup> <br> <br>Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed negativn\u00ed symptomy mohou b\u00fdt d\u016fsledkem:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-list-rea-list-block rea-list-block front\"><div class=\"rea-list-block__wrapper\"><div class=\"list-unordered list\"><p>Neurologick\u00fdch vedlej\u0161\u00edch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad extrapyramidov\u00e9 vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky vyvolan\u00e9 l\u00e9ky, akutn\u00ed dystonie, parkinsonismus navozen\u00fd antipsychotiky a obt\u00ed\u017enost pohybu<sup>5<\/sup> <\/p><p>Deprese: nap\u0159. postpsychotick\u00e1 deprese nebo deprese navozen\u00e1 antipsychotiky <sup>5<\/sup> <\/p><p>Faktor\u016f vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad nedostatek soci\u00e1ln\u00ed stimulace, ke kter\u00e9mu dom\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt po dlouhodob\u00e9 hospitalizaci <sup>5<\/sup> <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-separator-rea-separator-block rea-separator-block front\"><div class=\"rea-separator-block__content\"><hr class=\"rea-separator-block__separator\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-title-rea-title-block rea-title-block front\"><div class=\"rea-title-block__content\"><h3 id=\"strongco-jsou-to-kognitivn-symptomy-schizofreniestrong\" class=\"content-title \"><strong>Co jsou to kognitivn\u00ed symptomy schizofrenie?<\/strong><\/h3><h4 class=\"content-subtitle rea-hidden\"><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-paragraph-rea-paragraph-block rea-paragraph-block front\"><div class=\"rea-paragraph-block__content\"><p class=\"content-text\">U n\u011bkter\u00fdch pacient\u016f jsou <strong>kognitivn\u00ed <\/strong>symptomy schizofrenie m\u00edrn\u00e9, ale u n\u011bkter\u00fdch mohou b\u00fdt z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<sup>2<\/sup> Kognitivn\u00ed symptomy jsou t\u011b\u017eko zachytiteln\u00e9 a n\u011bkdy je k tomu pot\u0159eba speci\u00e1ln\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed.<sup>2<\/sup> Pokud se u \u010dlov\u011bka se schizofreni\u00ed objev\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed symptomy, m\u016f\u017ee zaznamenat:<br><br><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-list-rea-list-block rea-list-block front\"><div class=\"rea-list-block__wrapper\"><div class=\"list-unordered list\"><p>Sn\u00ed\u017eenou schopnost zpracov\u00e1vat informace a \u010dinit rozhodnut\u00ed<sup>2<\/sup> <\/p><p>Obt\u00ed\u017ee soust\u0159edit se na \u00fakol<sup>2<\/sup> <\/p><p>Probl\u00e9my s kr\u00e1tkodobou (pracovn\u00ed) pam\u011bt\u00ed<sup>2<\/sup> <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-separator-rea-separator-block rea-separator-block front\"><div class=\"rea-separator-block__content\"><hr class=\"rea-separator-block__separator\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-title-rea-title-block rea-title-block front\"><div class=\"rea-title-block__content\"><h3 id=\"strongjak-je-prbh-pznak-schizofreniestrong\" class=\"content-title \"><strong>Jak\u00fd je pr\u016fb\u011bh p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f schizofrenie?<\/strong><\/h3><h4 class=\"content-subtitle rea-hidden\"><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-paragraph-rea-paragraph-block rea-paragraph-block front\"><div class=\"rea-paragraph-block__content\"><p class=\"content-text\">Schizofrenie obvykle za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 prodrom\u00e1ln\u00ed f\u00e1z\u00ed, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee trvat n\u011bkolik dn\u016f a\u017e 18 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a posti\u017een\u00e1 osoba m\u016f\u017ee zaznamenat zhor\u0161en\u00ed osobn\u00edho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed, probl\u00e9my s pam\u011bt\u00ed nebo se soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00edm. <sup>6<\/sup> Po prodrom\u00e1ln\u00ed f\u00e1zi p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed prvn\u00ed epizoda psych\u00f3zy (FEP), kter\u00e1 se projev\u00ed bludy, halucinacemi, poruchami chov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u00fazkost\u00ed.<sup> 6<\/sup><br>Po FEP n\u00e1sleduje &#8222;rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed&#8220; f\u00e1ze, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee trvat a\u017e n\u011bkolik let a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e1 vracej\u00edc\u00edmi se psychotick\u00fdmi epizodami.<sup> 6<\/sup> Akutn\u00ed epizody lze zvl\u00e1dnout \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdmi psychologick\u00fdmi z\u00e1sahy a pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm l\u00e9k\u016f.<sup> 6<\/sup><br> <br>Jde o stru\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159ehled p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f schizofrenie. Pr\u016fb\u011bh onemocn\u011bn\u00ed se ale m\u016f\u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk od \u010dlov\u011bka zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161it a p\u0159\u00edznaky vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se u jednoho \u010dlov\u011bka nebudou u druh\u00e9ho nikdy zcela stejn\u00e9.<sup>6 <\/sup> N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 mohou m\u00edt pozitivn\u00ed symptomy jen velmi kr\u00e1tce, u jin\u00fdch mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomny \u0159adu let a jin\u00ed zase p\u0159esko\u010d\u00ed prodrom\u00e1ln\u00ed f\u00e1zi.<sup> 6<\/sup> <br><br><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-illustration-rea-illustration-block rea-illustration-block front\"><img class=\"illustration-bg\" alt=\"\"><div class=\"rea-illustration-block__content\"><div class=\"rea-illustration-block__image image-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/K008_01_1366px_CZ.png\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"illustration center\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/K008_01_1366px_CZ.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"rea-mobile illustration-mobile\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/K008_01_1366px_CZ.png\"><\/a><\/div><p class=\"rea-site__caption caption-text align-center\">Negativn\u00ed symptomy v cel\u00e9m pr\u016fb\u011bhu schizofrenie  Upraveno podle Millan et al., 2014\u2077<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-paragraph-rea-paragraph-block rea-paragraph-block front\"><div class=\"rea-paragraph-block__content\"><p class=\"content-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/diagnosis-treatment\/diagnosis\/\">O stanoven\u00ed diagn\u00f3zy<\/a> schizofrenie se dozv\u00edte v\u00edce v \u010d\u00e1sti o diagn\u00f3ze.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rea-references-rea-references-block rea-references-block front\"><div class=\"rea-references-block__references\"><p class=\"references-title\">Literatura<\/p><ol class=\"references-list\"><li>Arsova S. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2016;4(3):388-391<\/li><li>National Institute of Mental Health. Schizophrenia: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia\/index.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/schizophrenia\/index.shtml<\/a><\/li><li>National Institutes of Health. Schizophrenia NIH Factsheet 2010: <a href=\"https:\/\/report.nih.gov\/nihfactsheets\/viewfactsheet.aspx?csid=67\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/report.nih.gov\/nihfactsheets\/viewfactsheet.aspx?csid=67<\/a><\/li><li>Tandon R. Current Psychiatry 2002;1(9):36-42<\/li><li>Kirschner M. Schizophr Res. 2017; 186:29-38<\/li><li>NICE CG 178<\/li><li>Millan et al. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014; 24(5):645-92<\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2376,"parent":45,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"rea_page_title_signed_in_meta_block_field":"P\u0159\u00edznaky","rea_page_title_signed_out_meta_block_field":"O p\u0159\u00edznac\u00edch schizofrenie","rea_page_description_signed_in_meta_block_field":"U lid\u00ed se schizofreni\u00ed se mohou objevovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky, kter\u00e9 jim mohou naru\u0161ovat kvalitu \u017eivota.\u00b9 Tyto p\u0159\u00edznaky obvykle za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed v mlad\u00e9m v\u011bku, mezi 16. a 30. rokem \u017eivota.\u00b2","rea_page_description_signed_out_meta_block_field":"U lid\u00ed se schizofreni\u00ed se mohou objevovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky, kter\u00e9 jim mohou naru\u0161ovat kvalitu \u017eivota.\u00b9 Tyto p\u0159\u00edznaky obvykle za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed v mlad\u00e9m v\u011bku, mezi 16. a 30. rokem \u017eivota.\u00b2","rea_page_footer_id_meta_block_field":"","rea_page_footer_date_meta_block_field":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2221","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2221","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2221"}],"version-history":[{"count":43,"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2221\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3313,"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2221\/revisions\/3313"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/45"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2376"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/schizofrenie.cz\/verejne\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2221"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}